Generally, the abuse of AAS is associated with perceptual image disorders, eating disorders and compulsive exercise. Psychiatrist Tom Hildebrandt may have found a biological explanation for this latter aspect. In 2014, Hildebrandt published a study carried out on humans which suggests that the use of AAS increases the addiction to intense exercise.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.008
Study details
The researchers who participated in the present study analyzed blood samples from 26 men who trained intensely with weights. Ten men were “natural” [Control; Heavy exercise control], the other sixteen used AAS. The average AAS user in this study had already completed a dozen cycles.
During this study, half of AAS users were under cycle, the other half were "off".
Results
By analyzing the blood of the subjects under observation, the researchers measured, through specific markers, the degree to which the participants enjoyed physical training using a complex test. In short, the subjects under examination were subjected to treadmill sessions, having to perform increasingly demanding tasks during the same session in order to continue running.
AAS users appreciated their training more than non-users, and those who were on cycle scored significantly higher than the “off” users.
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In the blood they analyzed, the researchers found a possible explanation for an AAS user 's greater tendency to undergo intense training, and it is not as trivial as one might think. The beta-endorphin concentration was higher in this group of subjects.
Beta-endorphin, or β-endorphin, is a peptide hormone, an endogenous opioid neuropeptide produced in some neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
https://Beta-Endorphin#cite_note-NHM-Beta-endorphin
It is one of the three endorphins produced in man, the others include α-endorphin and γ-endorphin.
https://Beta-Endorphin#cite_note-Endoge ... 012_review
Beta-endorphins are released during intense exercise. It is an important factor in the euphoric sensations experienced by athletes during performance, which endurance athletes refer to as the "runner's high". According to sports psychologists, beta-endorphins play a crucial role in addiction to sports activity.
Beta-endorphins interact with the same receptors that addictive opioid pain relievers such as morphine interact with. In the 1970s, during experiments with laboratory animals, Horace Loh discovered that the analgesic effect of beta-endorphins exceeded that of morphine by a factor of 18-33.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.8.2895
beta-endorphin2.jpg
Conclusions
The results of this study provide ongoing support for the role of compulsive exercise in AAS addiction and its possible incorporation into the model of addiction to AAS.
The fact that AAS cause an increase in muscle mass and can also improve the mood and reinforcement value of behaviors such as exercise through effects on the HPA axis suggests that this may lead to a condition of strong induction of chronic disease of use of AAS.